A prominent aerospace company known for producing advanced, high-precision components for the global aviation and aerospace engine industry has been shipped a vacuum carburizing furnace. Headquartered in North America, the company’s aerospace division has been a trusted resource for the aeroengine sector for decades.
Vacuum carburizing furnace for aerospace Source: Solar Manufacturing
To support the development of a specialized carburizing process, Solar Manufacturing partnered closely with the R&D team at its sister company, Solar Atmospheres, a heat treating affiliate. Collaborative testing was conducted at Solar Atmospheres’ Technology Center in Souderton, Pennsylvania, where engineers from both organizations worked together to fine-tune the process to meet the specific metallurgical specifications.
“This collaboration was invaluable in achieving the desired metallurgical results,” said Rick Jones, regional sales manager at Solar Manufacturing.
The delivered system features a graphite-insulated hot zone measuring 48” wide × 48” high × 60” deep, capable of reaching temperatures up to 2400°F (1370°C). The furnace can accommodate workloads up to 5,000 pounds and includes an internal gas cooling system that provides rapid 2-bar nitrogen quenching.
Press release is available in its original form here.
Bluewater Thermal Solutions showcased its contributions to innovation in the energy and industrial sectors, including Ultra-Fast Boriding at Argonne National Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy’s Secretary, Chris Wright, engaged in a dialogue there on the future of transportation, manufacturing, and critical materials research.
Craig Zimmerman, Director-Technical at Bluewater, joined fellow leaders from national labs and industry at Argonne’s Materials Engineering Research Facility (MERF). Bluewater highlighted its collaborations with Argonne National Laboratory’s pioneering work in Ultra-Fast Boriding surface hardening technologies for down-hole oil production operations, which play a vital role in supporting domestic energy production.
“We’re deeply committed to advancing U.S. manufacturing through technical innovation,” said Zimmerman. “Participating in this event alongside Secretary Wright and our colleagues at Argonne highlights the successful development and transfer of new technology from Argonne to Bluewater Thermal Solutions.”
U.S. DOE Secretary surveys components at Argonne National Laboratory. Source: Bluewater Thermal Solutions
Argonne’s mission is to accelerate innovation from discovery to deployment, strengthen domestic supply chains for critical materials, and make the movement of people and goods more efficient and sustainable. Bluewater’s contributions help scale thermal technologies that bolster reliability.
Press release is available in its original form here.
Helium leak detection is critical to ensure system integrity, product quality, and operational efficiency in vacuum processing. With 36 years of hands-on experience, Dave Deiwert of Tracer Gas Technologies joins host Doug Glenn on the most recent episode of Heat Treat Radioto share a wealth of knowledge on the evolution of leak detection technology, practical maintenance, and best practices for leak testing.
Listeners will gain practical insights into the best leak detection practices and how to troubleshoot challenges.
Below, you can watch the video, listen to the podcast by clicking on the audio play button, or read an edited transcript.
The following transcript has been edited for your reading enjoyment.
Introduction
Doug Glenn: Helium leak detection has come a long way, but not everyone has a brand new piece of equipment. So let’s talk about some of the shortcomings of older equipment and some of the improvements that you’re seeing.
Dave Deiwert: When I started in 1989, leak detectors pretty much had what were called oil diffusion pumps as the high vacuum pump. That’s the pump that creates the vacuum for the analyzer cell or mass spectrometer so they can separate helium from other gases. These diffusion leak detectors did not like to be shut down improperly or have power outages quite frequently.
You would hear stories of somebody that turned the power off of a leak detector without a proper shutdown or a power outage, and that could cause an oily mess from the diffusion pump, and maybe even crack the oil. So, you would end up having quite a maintenance event required on the leak detector before you could use it again.
In fact, these kinds of problems happened so frequently that in my young sales days when turbopump leak detectors first were introduced, as I would go in to show it to a potential client, one of the first questions was, “What happens if you have a power outage?”
I would have a little fun with that.
I’d say, “Well, let’s find out.” And I would pull the plug out of the wall, and they would say, “Oh, you can do that?” And of course you could. A turbo pump would just coast down towards a stop. Then we turn the power back on, and it’s back up.
Part of what compounded this problem with the diffusion pump is that it works by heating oil to jet mist oil vapor that goes to the top, and it’s condensed and directed back down. When power is lost, whether you turn the power off with an improper shutdown or a power outage, that pump is still hot for quite a while. It’s still trying to pump, and the backing pump, whether it’s a diffusion pump or a turbopump, is typically a rotary vane pump. With a power outage or power stop, those pumps will come to a stop very quickly. But those diffusion pumps and turbo pumps are not designed to exhaust atmosphere, so the backing pump or rotary pump comes to a stop pretty quickly, and now you have atmosphere potential on the exhaust of the diffusion pump.
The turbopump survives that much more nicely than a diffusion pump does. So the first major upgrade in the technology across the board with all the manufacturers was moving away from diffusion pumps to turbo pumps. If you buy a new leak detector from the ‘90s to today, it will very likely have a turbo pump no matter whom you buy it from and even if you buy a used one.
Size and Portability of Leak Detectors (00:06:09)
Doug Glenn: How large were these original pieces of equipment? Did you have to wheel them around?
Dave Deiwert: The very first ones I worked with predominantly would be the size of a washer/dryer. They would typically have casters on so you can roll them around.
They took up more space and certainly took up a lot more energy. You could sometimes find what they would call portable leak detectors, but they would still have diffusion pumps in them, and they’d have less features because of how small they were versus the console leak detectors.
Doug Glenn: So now nowadays they use helium leak detectors.
Dave Deiwert: Most everybody’s gotten away from console leak detectors. You can find a couple companies that have a fairly large rolls-on-caster leak detector that still has turbo pumps, and higher performing backing/ruffing pumps. But the majority of leak detectors you’re going to find are more portable and smaller in size.
Doug Glenn: Are they close in size to a briefcase?
Dave Deiwert: They average 12 to 18 inches wide by 10 to 12 inches deep and 12 to 14 inches tall, approximately. So, much smaller than a washer/dryer.
Quite frequently, these leak detectors may be sold with a cart so that you don’t have to carry them from point A to point B. It can be a little laborious to still carry them. They weigh 40 lbs or more. So quite often, the first accessory purchased with the leak detector is a cart to roll it around.
Doug Glenn: So it’s a heavy piece of carry-on luggage essentially.
Dave Deiwert: Absolutely.
Maintenance: Old vs. New Leak Detectors (00:06:37)
Evaluating a vacuum furnace for leaks
Doug Glenn: How would you compare the maintenance of those older units, assuming that you don’t lose power, versus maintenance of the newer units.
Dave Deiwert: A stereotypical experience from my field service days would be if you’re running a diffusion pump leak detector in a production environment, using it every day, then most likely you’re going to do what I call an overhaul of the leak detector. During this overhaul, you’re going to change your oils, change the filaments in the mass spectrometer, put on new valve seats, and clean the manifold.
Not everybody will do this. There are those that might go a year or two, especially if the leak detector is purely for troubleshooting, like if you have only a few furnaces. The leak detector may sit against the wall, and then you go get out to leak test a furnace. They may well get a couple of years of use out of a leak detector before needing to do any preventative maintenance or even a major overhaul.
With the new turbopump leak detectors, I think all the manufacturers now have models that most likely you’ll go multiple years without really doing anything other than changing oil in the backing pump, which you might do a couple times a year or so, keep an eye on the oil level, much more maintenance friendly and easier to do the troubleshooting and the service to it.
Filament Technology Improvements (00:08:10)
Dave Deiwert: The next major upgrade in the leak detectors across the industry was the filament design.
The old diffusion pump leak detectors predominantly had tungsten filaments, which, if you’ve ever cracked or seen a cracked light bulb that had a tungsten element in it, you know that immediately you lose the function of the light bulb. And the same thing with the filaments that are tungsten in a mass spectrometer. If it gets a pressure burst, which is what I call the event when somebody disconnects the test port from the vacuum furnace while the leak detector is still in test, that allows a pressure burst into the leak detector and tungsten filament, and most likely you will burn out the filament. As a result, you will have a maintenance event for that.
As a rule of thumb, you will get 1,000 to 2,000 hours out of an old leak detector with tungsten filaments, but you’re going to get many thousands of hours out of a Yttria coated-iridium, which I think is used across the board in the industry today. In the case of
several years even, it greatly reduces your cost of ownership with the newer leak detectors.
Performance and Cost Comparison (00:09:12)
Doug Glenn: Are there any other major differences between the old units and the new units?
Dave Deiwert: There are some extra benefits from the upgrades that we’ve talked about. The turbopumps will allow, at least modern leak detectors, us to test at a higher pressure (or less vacuum). You press “Start Leak Detector.” The test port pressure pumps down to some vacuum level. For diffusion pump leak detectors, they had to get down to typically less than 50 mTorr. Depending on the model, definitely significantly lower vacuum than the turbopump leak detectors. So, the turbopump ones with the gross leak testing capabilities, you’re probably looking at 18 to 20 torr. I think a couple of manufacturers claim they can get in the test pretty much right below atmosphere and start looking for very massive leaks.
The capabilities going to turbopump and Yttria-coated filaments has allowed manufacturers to greatly improve the performance and the robustness and reliability of the leak detectors.
Doug Glenn: In terms of cost comparison, are newer units more or less expensive than older units?
Weighing the costs and comparisons of different units
Dave Deiwert: When buying a leak detector in 1889 to early ‘90s, you’re probably looking at the low to mid-20s in price. You’re going to find they are a little higher than that now. With the market and inflation, you’re probably looking at upper 20s to low 30s for the most typical leak detectors that are purchased for the vacuum furnace industry. You can find some that are maybe two or three times that amount, but those are not needed for the industries that we’re talking about today.
Troubleshooting and Service Efficiency (00:11:00)
Dave Deiwert: If the client, their suppliers, or people who work on the leak detectors from time to time service a diffusion pump leak detector, they may want to explore an idea to troubleshoot a problem. They may not be sure what the problem is yet.
First, you’re going to do a proper shutdown of the diffusion pump leak detector to protect the oil in the diffusion pump and the cleanliness of the leak detector. You may wait a good part of an hour for that diffusion pump to cool off before you can try the troubleshooting solution you’re going to investigate. Then you’re going to wait for another good hour for it to heat back up and be ready to confirm if what you have tried to do was successful.
With a turbopump leak detector, you turn a switch off to turn the power off, and within minutes you can test out the solution on the leak detector. So you greatly expedite your troubleshooting time.
What might have been almost always a full day event of troubleshooting and servicing a diffusion leak detector turns into less than a half day, possibly even an hour or two.
In every category, the newer leak detectors are very attractive. If clients or our viewers reach out to their suppliers or potential suppliers, there will most likely be some trade-in value for your old leak detector, which will also help offset the pain and suffering of spending money on a new leak detector.
Doug Glenn: Hopefully they’ll come pick it up, too.
Where to Connect Leak Detectors on Furnaces (00:14:11)
Doug Glenn: In your column, you talk about how there’s some debate amongst users on where to hook up the leak detector on the furnace. Can you walk us through that a bit?
Dave Deiwert: I run into people who are very adamant that you hook up the leak detector in one of three places. And I’ve told salespeople that while we have our preferred location of where to hook to the leak detector, we should never visit a client and tell them they are doing it all wrong. As a field service engineer, I’ve confirmed that you can connect the leak detector at three most prominent locations, but the question is where is the most optimum place to connect it?
Leak testing a vacuum furnace
The first place is hooking the leak detector directly up to the furnace chamber, because that’s where they imagine the leaks might be. The next two locations might look like close cousins because they’re both in the series flow away from the chamber, through the pumps and out to the exhaust.
My preferred location is to connect it between the blower and the chamber. Or, if there’s
a diffusion pump, I would connect it between the blower and the diffusion pump.
The last place that you might see somebody connect it is between the blower and the backing pump or a roughing pump. They might do this to use the blower almost like a turbocharger to improve the signal to the leak detector. The disadvantage of doing that is most likely these vacuum pumps are very dirty single-stage roughing pumps. There are two concerns I have with this. One is the back stream of oil or hydrocarbons from that pump to the leak detector. And the second is the potential for back streaming, even of helium from the ballast port of the pump or the exhaust, depending on where the exhaust is terminated. If somebody exhausts the pump directly out of the building, then that’s not so much a concern. But if you connect it between the blower and the diffusion pump or the blower and the chamber, then you’re allowing the roots blower to be like an optically dense filter between the leak detector and that backing pump.
And for the two concerns that I mentioned earlier about either back streaming of helium from the leak testing or back streaming hydrocarbons from the vacuum/roughing pump, the optimal location would be to hook it up between the blower and the chamber, or if it’s a diffusion pump, between the blower and the diffusion pump. If you’re hooking it up between the diffusion pump and the roughing pump, you need to make sure that you pump down to your base pressure before you open up the valve from the leak detector to that point. You don’t want to potentially suck any diffusion pump oil into the into the leak detector.
Furnace Connection Points and Hardware (00:15:50)
Doug Glenn: Is there a feed through meant for leak detection built into the furnace, between the blower and the diffusion pump or roughing pump or on the chamber?
Dave Deiwert: There is almost always a connection point where I describe my preferred location, especially with furnaces manufactured in the last twenty years. On new furnaces sold today, it’ll be an NW25 flange, which will match up directly to the leak detector.
With the leak detectors in this industry, we’ll have an NW25 flange, which is a standard vacuum connection. You run a bellows hose from that leak detector to that point on the furnace.
I like to see a manual ball valve that’s always on the furnace at that point. You can put a blank cap on the exposed port on that valve, which can act like a dust cap. It’s always there. This facilitates doing a PM leak check, which we might talk a little bit more about later.
Now, sometimes you may go to hook it up between the blower and the furnace or the blower and the diffusion pump and there’s no connection there.
I’ve seen that, so you have to work with what you’re given. You might well see there’s a port between the blower and the backing roughing pump,
and you can use that. It’s just not the optimal place to put it.
If you put the leak detector directly on the chamber, typically there’s a small port that you can hook up to, now you’re going to be competing in what we call molecular flow with a much larger opening going to the blower. The lion’s share of helium is going to go out that large target to the blower, and you’re not going to get as much helium signal to the leak detector. So, putting the leak detector port basically right into the end of the flow, going to the blower lets you sample the flow going in that direction.
Doug Glenn: Right, which is going to be the bulk of it.
Dave Deiwert: Yes, and you’ll find a faster response time and faster cleanup and recovery of the leak rate signal when you stop spraying the helium by putting it in that location.
PM Leak Checks During Furnace Operation (00:18:05)
Doug Glenn: You briefly discussed conducting PM in the column. Can you walk us through conducting a PM leak check during a live operation of the furnace.
Dave Deiwert: First off, when you’re going to do a preventative maintenance (PM) leak check on the furnace, there are two scenarios. In the first scenario, you’re not running the furnace today. So, you roll the leak detector up and you look for leaks that you may not know are there when they’re smaller and less noticeable, so you can either mark them or repair them at your convenience before they get to be larger and more noticeable, maybe affecting quality of your process.
The second scenario is that you have a very long process. You might have enough time to do a leak check while the furnace is in process. Helium is an inert gas. If you pull a vacuum on your furnace to do some heat treating, and it’s going to be in that vacuum level for an hour or more, this may be plenty of time to do some leak testing. We definitely don’t want to compromise quality. But again, helium is an inert gas, and if you have an experienced person doing this PM leak check in an orderly fashion, it can be done safely.
Basically, you roll the leak detector up to that closed ball valve, and you would have to have the ball valve in place there if you’re doing this during a live process. So you connect the hose from the test part to this closed ball valve. You start the leak detector and put it in test. I suggest that after you put it in test, you ensure you have a good vacuum test level vacuum from the leak detector to the closed valve.
Because we don’t know initially if the vacuum level is different on the other side of the valve,
Heat Treat Radio #123 Host Doug Glenn and Dave Deiwert
I recommend momentarily stopping the test of the leak detector. I think all modern leak detectors have a standby mode so you’re not venting the test for a leak detector. You put it in standby, then you open the ball valve, and the leak detector computer can now see if the vacuum level changed to maybe potentially a level a little higher than what it wants to be at. That allows it to tell itself to pull some more vacuum along with the furnace before we actually open the test valve to the analyzer cell or the mass spectrometer.
If you’re in test, you open the ball valve, and somebody forgets that step, there can be a little vacuum differential and you may shock the leak detector and throw it out of test. This doesn’t hurt the leak detector. You just have to go and press test again. But by putting it into standby and then opening the ball valve, then putting it back into test, this saves you a step.
Once you put it into test, the next thing you’re going to make a note of is the background level of helium before you start spraying helium. I’m a big fan of people who leak test their furnace, or really anything no matter what market is, and take care of their furnaces purposefully.
If you don’t suspect any leaks or it’s a brand new furnace, you can hook your leak detector up and you put it in test, and before you spray any helium, make note of what I call the background helium signal. This is a result of any natural helium that’s in the furnace. There is five parts per million helium in the air we breathe. There’s going to be helium in the furnace, and take note of what that is.
Let’s say you notice you have two times ten minus nine background of helium on the display of the leak detector, and you haven’t sprayed any helium, you can make note of that.
So now you know you’re going to be looking for leaks for some delta change increase of that value. From there, it’s playing the hot and cold game as you pinpoint where the leak isas you spray helium.
You can do this potentially while a furnace is in process. You certainly want everybody to know what you’re doing and have an opportunity to discuss this because it could make people nervous, especially the quality manager or even the production manager. It’s something that should be talked about with the whole team to ensure everybody sees the value in it.
So we spray helium and make a note of anything we see. Next time we have an opportunity, when no production is going on, we can fix that leak at our convenience rather than wait until it might get worse.
Doug Glenn: Certainly we would want to consider whether that should be done with high-value items in the furnace.
Dave Deiwert: Yes, unless everybody is on board and understands, and you’re doing things purposely.
If you are doing a PM leak check on a sensitive process and quality of a product and you’re done testing, that manual ball valve needs to be closed before you do anything else to the leak detector. If you forget, and you press vent on the leak detector, it’s going to try to vent that whole furnace through the little vent valve of the leak detector, and that’s not going to be good.
This whole discussion point is that everybody on the team would need to buy into this idea and be very clear about what we’re going to do, how we’re going to do it.
I’m just suggesting it’s something that can be done, and if you confirm it works for you, it has value. It’s just another option for somebody to optimize the way they take care of their furnace.
Confirming Leak Location Before Repair (00:23:38)
Doug Glenn: When you’re isolating a leak, how important is it to assume or not assume that you found the leak once you get a reading on the on the meter?
Dave Deiwert: I spend a lot of time on this topic in every class that I teach because nothing is more frustrating than thinking you have found the leak when you haven’t.
Let’s say you think have found the leak on some big 10-inch gate valve. Maybe it’s too heavy for one person you have to have someone to help you take this gate valve off the system. Once you take the gate valve off the system, you put a repair kit in there, clean everything, you put it back on the furnace, and everything’s assembled. You start to furnace back up and you do a leak check and realize you still have the same leak you thought you fixed. There may be other flanges you need to check, which might require more help.
You absolutely, beyond the shadow of doubt, can know that you have found the leak because every time helium is sprayed at that place where you think the leak is, you should get the same response, same response time, same peak leak rate.
If I spray the helium at point A, where I think the leak is at, and I stop spraying, I wait for the leak rate to go back to baseline, then I go back to spray it again. The more work that is involved, the more I’m going to want to duplicate that response and make sure that is where the leak is at.
Last thing you can do, just to be sure, is what I call the “x, y, z axis.” Try to spray helium left, right, up, down, back and forth, just to make sure you’re not getting a better response to something else nearby.
Doug Glenn: By better response, do you mean a higher measurement of helium that comes through or comes through more quickly?
Dave Deiwert: That’s correct. Now, you might have the problem where there are 2, 3, or 4 connections right in the same general area, and it’s difficult to pinpoint where I’m getting I think the same response, no matter where I’m spraying the helium. To remedy this, you can put a barrier between two fittings. This barrier could be plastic, tape, putty, your hand. Try to put some barrier between the two connections so when you spray on one side now, you’re not really getting the same response you were before and can pinpoint the location of the leak more accurately.
This is an important step before you repair or remove something. If you remove a NW25 flange and you’re wrong, there’s not a lot of pain and suffering. But I guarantee you 100%, you can prove to yourself with some patience and some diligence where the leak is before you do the work of disassembly and service.
Doug Glenn: It is better to invest a little time in detection than to repair something that doesn’t need to be repaired or find out later that you fixed the wrong piece.
Dave Deiwert: Absolutely.
Repair vs. Replace: Leak Source Components (00:26:44)
Doug Glenn: Once you do find the leak and it’s through some sort of a device, whether it’s a feed through or a control or a valve, how do you decide whether to repair that item or replace it?
Discerning when to repair or replace
Dave Deiwert: If the device is something that you can disassemble, and if the manufacturer has a repair kit (a valve is a good example of that), I would recommend that you go ahead with a repair. You have already taken it apart, I would put the part in a repair kit, if you have one, to try to lengthen the time between now and the next time you look at it.
If it’s a piece that has no repair kit, then obviously you will need to repair it or replace it, depending on your skill level and what it is you’re looking at.
If you’re looking at thermocouple and the feed screws on it are leaking, you may be a little limited in what your options are. Can you apply a vacuum-friendly sealant to brush around the feed throughs to see if that would solve the problem? That may be an option. What is the cost of that thermocouple? If it’s a $20 item, I’m probably going to put another thermocouple on there. If it’s a $1,000 item, I might try brushing some vacuum-friendly sealant on and see if that takes care of the problem.
One time, I found a leaking rotary vane pump, back in my field service days.
These all have repair kits where you can replace all the gaskets, the vanes, everything. But I didn’t have one. This was early in my young career. I talked to the factory about getting one and they were going to send one. But I told the client that we had nothing to lose. Let’s open it up, see what we can find. So, we open that pump up, and it looked pretty bad inside, but we cleaned everything up, even the gaskets, put a little vacuum sealant on, and put it all back together. We made it leak tight, and we got it running again. If I had a repair kit, I’m already there, then let’s go ahead and put the repair kit in. But if you don’t have one, there’s nothing wrong with taking it apart and seeing if cleaning and
reassembly gets it going for you.
Rotary Vane Pump Field Advice (00:30:30)
Dave Deiwert: I’m going to give a little free advice, no extra charge, to people talking about rotary vane pumps. In my career, I’ve come across quite a number of rotary pumps that were having an issue. I can count on one hand, however, how many times I wasn’t able to just clean it, put it back together, and get it going again with fresh oil. And both those times involved a shaft seal leak. So, if you don’t have a shaft seal leak, in my mind, you’ve got nothing to lose by taking a rotary vane pump apart, cleaning it, and putting some fresh oil back in it.
If you’re using solvents, when you take it apart, make sure those are solvents cleared back out of there
because solvents and oil don’t play very nice. You want to make sure that solvents have been removed and degassed from your pump. This may require that you put oil in it, run it for a little while, then flush it, and put some oil in to make sure you don’t have anything remaining behind.
A little willingness to get your hands dirty, open up the rotary vane pump, and a very good chance that you can get it going by just doing that.
Doug Glenn:All right, Dave. Appreciate the good advice and your expertise.
About the Guest
Dave Deiwert
Dave Deiwert has over 35 years of technical experience in industrial leak detection gained from his time at Vacuum Instruments Corp., Agilent Vacuum Technologies (Varian Vacuum), Edwards Vacuum, and Pfeiffer Vacuum. He leverages this experience by providing leak detection and vacuum technology training and consulting services as the owner and president of Tracer Gas Technologies.
Learn more about Dave from Heat Treat Today’s July Digital Edition’s Meet the Consultant page.
A manufacturer of heavy duty gas turbines has ordered a vacuum furnace with screen insulation and molybdenum heating elements. Siemens Energy Global will be provided the furnace by a company with U.S. locations and it will be used mainly for brazing gas turbine hot path parts like blades & vanes.
Maciej Korecki Vice President of the Vacuum Segment SECO/WARWICK
Siemens Energy Global has chosen SECO/WARWICK to provide the vacuum furnace. The device on order includes a mechanical pump, an efficient Roots pump, and a diffusion pump. The molybdenum heating chamber ensures a required temperature distribution and provides process cleanliness.
“The Vector vacuum furnace solves the partner’s problem of heat treating an increased number of large blades & vanes requiring a high degree of cleanliness in both the brazing and annealing processes. The Vector will relieve the production burden on the current equipment in operation in the client’s manufacturing & repair facility in Berlin.” said Maciej Korecki, vice president of the vacuum segment, SECO/WARWICK Group.
Grzegorz Głuchowski Sales Manager SECO/WARWICK
“We used a molybdenum heating chamber, partial pressure system, dew point sensors, and a very efficient high vacuum system. An important aspect is also the fact that the furnace will be integrated with the client’s master system using the OPC Unified Architecture communication protocol. Thanks to this, we can connect with a wide range of machines and industrial devices,” commented Grzegorz Głuchowski, sales manager for SECO/WARWICK.
The heat treatment processes associated with this furnace are benefited by the ability to cool at 1.5 bar in argon.
Press release is available in its original form here.
Have you faced complications from inadequate quenching, tempering, or documentation? You’re not alone. Small oversights can compromise part quality and performance. In this Technical Tuesday installment Ryan Van Dyke, metallurgical engineering manager at Paulo, addresses the top five pitfalls that in-house heat treating operations encounter and when to find another solution.
This informative piece was first released inHeat Treat Today’sJuly 2025, Heat Treat Super Brands print edition.
When dealing with high-volume production, running an in-house heat treating operation may seem like it makes financial and logistical sense. The ability to immediately process large batches of the same parts, minimize handling time, and tightly integrate heat treatment into the manufacturing workflow can provide critical advantages over outsourcing.
Industries involving high-volume machining of parts (e.g., automotive fasteners and bearings) rely on heat treating in-house to maintain efficiency and cost control. When parts are produced in the millions, outsourcing heat treating risks working with an inadequate supplier, introducing unacceptable lead time delays, transportation risks, and logistical complexities that do not align with high-throughput manufacturing.
Gas nitriding furnace at Paulo
Conversely, in-house heat treat operations often lack the flexibility, specialized equipment, and process control systems that commercial heat treaters develop over years of refining best practices. I have worked with countless manufacturers with in-house heat treat who have faced challenges they were unable to solve internally — from unpredictable distortion to process inconsistency, failed audits, and more. When they turn to a commercial heat treater for help, we often find the same core issues at play.
While commercial heat treating is not always the best fit for high-volume operations, there are real risks if you choose to run heat treating in-house. Here are the five most common pitfalls I’ve seen.
Pitfall #1: Inconsistent Mechanical Properties
Understanding the Problem
Gas flow gauges for heat treating furnace
Heat treating sets the foundation for a part’s hardness, toughness, and overall performance. This is done by the controlled heating and cooling of materials in a special atmosphere and then locking in the desired microstructure.
One major challenge that impacts consistency in parts is furnace temperature uniformity. Older or improperly calibrated furnaces can create hot and cold spots, leading to localized variations in hardness and mechanical properties within the same batch. This is a common challenge in-house heat treaters face. To avoid hot spots, heat treaters must go beyond just considering equipment age — they should implement robust preventative maintenance programs and routinely calibrate furnaces to ensure consistent thermal performance across all zones.
Real-World Consequences
Distortion issues from non-uniform heating: Variations in temperature cause inconsistent thermal profiles, leading to unpredictable warping and dimensional instability. For example, a die used for stamping operations requires excessive rework after heat treatment because some areas of the part distorted unevenly due to poor furnace temperature uniformity.
Inconsistent hardness in a load: Hot and cold spots in austenitizing and tempering furnaces can cause parts in some areas to have a different final hardness than others. For example, a load of larger diameter structural bolts was tempered in a furnace with poor uniformity. Bolts located in a hot spot in one corner of the furnace showed below specification mid-radius hardness due to over-tempering.
Pitfall #2: Surface Contamination from Incorrect Gas Atmosphere Control
Understanding the Problem
Many manufacturers with in-house heat treating operations use gas atmospheres to control oxidation and facilitate processes like carburizing and nitriding. However, if the gas atmosphere is not properly monitored, it can lead to oxidation, decarburization, or uncontrolled case hardening.
Heat treaters often rely on Endothermic gas generators that produce a carbon-rich atmosphere. Without precise control of carbon potential, parts may develop non-uniform case depths, excessive soot buildup, or — the opposite extreme — decarburization, in which the surface loses carbon and thus its strength and hardness. Therefore, it’s imperative to monitor and adjust atmosphere parameters in real time using carbon probes to maintain precise control of carbon potential.
Real-World Consequences
Decarburization leading to soft surfaces: If the furnace atmosphere lacks sufficient carbon potential, the steel loses carbon at the surface, reducing hardness and durability. For example, aerospace landing gear components could be rejected if surface hardness tests show excessive decarburization, making them unsuitable for service.
Scaling and oxidation issues: Excess oxygen in the furnace leads to surface oxidation, requiring costly post-processing like machining or pickling. For example, stainless steel medical implants can develop scale during heat treatment, requiring extensive rework to restore a clean finish.
Uneven carburizing creating case depth variations: Fluctuations in furnace gas composition lead to inconsistent carbon diffusion, making case depth unpredictable. For example, a batch of industrial gears can fail inspection because some parts have insu cient case depth while others are over-cased, leading to production delays.
Quenching is one of the most stress-inducing steps in heat treatment. Rapid cooling causes phase transformations and volume changes within the steel, leading to internal stresses and distortion.
Manufacturers with in-house heat treaters often struggle with choosing the right quench medium, optimizing agitation rates, and positioning parts correctly during quenching. Additionally, many only have access to one quench medium, such as oil, and will attempt to apply it to all materials and geometries — even when a slower or faster quench rate is required. This mismatch can cause excessive distortion, high residual stresses, and even quench cracking.
Another issue is poor part orientation during quenching. If a part is improperly positioned, different areas will cool at different rates, creating non-uniform hardness and residual stress buildup, which can later cause warping or failure in service.
Real-World Consequences
Incorrect quenchant selection: If the wrong quench medium is used, such as oil when polymer or water would be more suitable, the parts could end up having inconsistent hardness in various sections due to insufficient cooling. Conversely, selecting a fast oil as a quenchant when hot oil would be more suitable could cause excessive distortion due to the faster cooling rate. For example, lifting shackles quenched in oil will not have sufficient hardening response throughout the cross-section, causing them to be rejected for service due to low strength values in the center of the part.
Insufficient quenchant agitation: If the quenchant in the quench tank is not sufficiently agitated when the parts are submerged, then cooling rates throughout the load of parts could vary, causing different amounts of hardening. For example, parts near the edges of a batch load show hardness testing within specification, while parts in the center of the load show hardness below specification.
Incorrect positioning of parts: How a part is oriented during quenching can have a large impact on the amount of distortion after heat treatment. If a part is laid horizontally rather than vertically, the amount of distortion can dramatically increase. For example, if a hollow cylinder was laid horizontally for processing, rather than vertically, the cylinder would likely be at risk of material creep during austenization, as well as deformation from the bottom of the part quenching before the top. The result would be distortion in the inner diameter and along the length in excess of the amount of additional material le for machining, causing the part to become scrap.
Pitfall #4: Brittle Failures from Inadequate Tempering
Understanding the Problem
Tempering is a critical post-quench process that reduces residual stresses and brittleness while fine-tuning hardness and toughness. After quenching, steel is in a highly stressed martensitic state, which, if left untreated, can lead to catastrophic failures in service.
If heat treaters are working under tight production schedules or have an incomplete understanding of tempering curves for different steels, then they may fall into the trap of rushing or even omitting tempering cycles. For some in-house heat treat operations, a single tempering cycle may be employed when a double temper is required, particularly for high-alloy steels like D2, H13, or certain aerospace-grade alloys.
Real-World Consequences
Brittle fracture under load: If a part is left untempered or under-tempered, the high internal stresses from quenching remain, making it prone to sudden brittle fracture when subjected to impact or fatigue loading. For example, an induction-hardened gear used in heavy machinery can snap under torque loading due to excessive quench-induced stresses. It is very common to skip tempering on induction-hardened parts, especially in in-house heat treat operations where cycle times are minimized as much as possible.
Reduced wear resistance due to over-tempering: If a steel is over-tempered (held at too high a temperature or for too long), excessive softening can occur, reducing wear resistance and surface hardness. For example, a die used in stamping operations can wear prematurely because it was tempered above its recommended range, leading to a loss of edge retention.
Excessive retained austenite leading to dimensional instability: Some steels, particularly high-carbon and high-alloy grades, require a secondary tempering cycle to stabilize the microstructure. Skipping this can leave excessive retained austenite, which converts to untempered martensite over time, causing unexpected distortion or possibly cracks forming in the material in service. For example, a precision-ground shaft can warp and develop cracks weeks after heat treatment because retained austenite transforms to untempered martensite in service, altering the part’s geometry and encouraging fractures to form.
Pitfall #5: Lack of Process Documentation & Repeatability Issues
Understanding the Problem
Heat treating is a process-sensitive operation where small variations can lead to major differences in final part properties. If a heat treat operation does not have detailed documentation and tracking systems, this will lead to inconsistencies in cycle parameters, atmosphere control, and quenching conditions.
One of the most common issues is manual adjustments without proper record-keeping, which can lead to process drift. Operators may tweak furnace temperatures, quench delays, or gas flow rates without logging the changes, creating batch-to-batch variability.
Automotive Gear
Additionally, compliance and traceability may present a challenge for manufacturers facing ISO, Nadcap, or AS9100 audits. When an auditor asks for process records, lacking verifiable data is a red flag for non-compliance.
Real-World Consequences
Batch-to-batch variability: When process parameters are not documented or followed precisely, parts in one batch may have different hardness, case depth, or dimensional stability than parts in the next batch — leading to field failures or quality escapes. For example, a manufacturer of automotive control arms may and that some components fail impact testing while others pass, leading to a full production hold to investigate process inconsistencies.
Failed audits and compliance issues: Without traceable process documentation, heat treat operations can fail compliance audits, especially for industries with strict quality requirements. For example, an aerospace supplier could lose Nadcap certification because they cannot provide accurate records of furnace temperature control, atmosphere composition, and quench parameters for critical landing gear components.
Difficulty troubleshooting heat treat issues: When a batch of parts fails post-heat treatment inspection, the root cause can be nearly impossible to determine if there are no detailed process records. For example, a fastener manufacturer might experience high rejection rates due to inconsistent case depths, but if the atmosphere carbon potential wasn’t recorded, they will not be able to pinpoint whether it was a gas mix issue, furnace drift, or soak time variance.
Expensive scrap and rework costs: A lack of process repeatability leads to high scrap rates and expensive rework to bring parts back into spec. For example, a tooling manufacturer might have to scrap an entire run of die components after discovering that an unrecorded furnace temperature deviation softened the steel below acceptable hardness levels.
Lack of lot traceability: When a heat treatment problem does occur, being able to trace it back to exactly which piece of equipment it ran in and when is critical for determining root cause. For example, many automotive seating brackets exhibit low hardness after heat treatment. However, if lot traceability to the furnace cycle was not maintained, root cause of factors like incorrect furnace temperature, inadequate carbon control, or insufficient quench agitation are much more difficult to identify.
When To Call a Commercial Heat Treater
If limited resources and/or lack of specialized expertise are in question, these five pitfalls can easily occur. Even the most well-run in-house heat treat operations must balance production efficiency, heat treat quality, and high-volume demands; additionally, it can be challenging to regularly invest in the most advanced equipment, process monitoring, or specialized personnel.
There are commercial heat treaters that have built their entire business around controlling these variables with precision. These heat treaters have invested decades into refining their heat treating processes, equipment, and metallurgical expertise to eliminate these issues before they ever become problems.
If these five pitfalls are ones your operations cannot easily avoid, consider a partnership with the right commercial heat treater to maintain parts with extreme precision, low distortion, and strict compliance specifications.
About The Author:
Ryan Van Dyke Manager of Metallurgical Engineering Paulo
Ryan Van Dyke is the manager of metallurgical engineering at Paulo, where he works closely with customers to solve challenging thermal processing issues. He’s dedicated to pushing the limits of heat treating performance, continuously innovating more efficient, reliable ways to process critical parts. Ryan was an honoree in Heat TreatToday’s 40 Under 40 Class of 2023.
For more information: Contact Ryan Van Dyke at RVanDyke@paulo.com.
Stack Metallurgical Services has added a new furnace to their Portland facility. The furnace adds significant capacity for stress relieving, sub-annealing, and high-temperature annealing, under protective atmosphere.
Source: Stack Metallurgical Services
The furnace has a working zone of 48″ W x 96″ L x 36″ H, it can handle up to 12,000 lbs, and is certified for temperatures up to 1650°F.
Jeff McLaughlin, owner of McLaughlin Furnace Group, was on-site to help commission the new equipment. Stack also partnered with Super Systems, Inc for charting, testing, and running simulated loads.
Kimberly Chaussee General Manager Stack Metallurgical Group
“We are very happy to partner with McLaughlin Furnaces to add this new equipment to Stack’s Portland facility. We’ve always taken a proactive approach to expanding our capabilities and capacity to stay ahead of our clients’ evolving needs. I want to thank Jeff McLaughlin and his team for designing, building, and commissioning this equipment on schedule — it’s been a seamless collaboration,” shared Kimberly Chaussee, general manager at Stack Metallurgical Group.
Stack plans for other significant short-term and long-term investments in both equipment and facilities. They are anticipating additional major announcements later this year. These ongoing investments reflect their commitment to meeting the needs of their clients.
SSAB is investing approximately $74 million to expand its heat treat capacity at its Axis, Alabama facility. The expansion will support the production of premium steel products.
Andy Bramstedt General Manager SSAB Alabama Source: Linkedin
“This expansion will bolster our capacity to produce high-strength steel brands such as Hardox and Strenx and will also increase SSAB Alabama’s truck shipping capacity.” said Andy Bramstedt, general manager of SSAB Alabama.
The project will encompass the construction of a new building equipped with a state-of-the-art tempering furnace, and improvements to the infrastructure.
“We have been working on this investment for a long time, and it is very gratifying to see it come to fruition. This investment will not only expand our capacity for niche products, which are in high demand, but also enable us to offer a broader product range from our Alabama facility,” said Kjell Baeckman, head of Sales Special Steels for SSAB.
Mobile Chamber President and CEO Bradley Byrne Source: Mobile Chamber
The expansion anticipates the creation of 12 new jobs in the local community.
Mobile Chamber president and CEO Bradley Byrne said, “By expanding production of high-strength, specialized steel, SSAB is reinforcing Mobile County’s role in driving innovation and supplying critical materials to key sectors across North and South America.”
This initiative is set to commence in 2025 and is expected to be completed in 2027.
Press release is available in its original form here.
Following foundation preparations, Solar Atmospheres will be installing a new titanium drop bottom water quench furnace at their Hermitage, Pennsylvania, location. The new addition will ensure consistent metallurgical results for demanding aerospace and industrial applications.
The new furnace is rated for a maximum operating temperature of 1850°F ±10°F and is designed to process titanium bar and forging loads of up to 7,500 pounds. Measuring 14′ by 54″ wide by 48″ high, workloads will be rapidly transferred into a 7,000-gallon, recirculated water quench tank within seconds.
This investment opens the door to expanded titanium solution treating capabilities and supports Solar Atmospheres’ commitment to innovative thermal processing solutions.
Press release is available in its original form here.
Industrial Ceramic Products, Inc. (ICP) has been acquired by Allied Mineral Products, LLC (Allied). The acquisition includes all ICP’s product lines, equipment, facilities, grounds, and employee base. The deal will increase Allied’s capacity, applications, and expansion into precision, high-fired refractory shapes markets.
Paul Jamieson CEO Allied Mineral Products
“We have been each other’s’ customers and we have partnered with ICP on various projects for over 50 years. They have a strong management team, a highly tenured workforce and expertise in precision high-fired ceramic shapes. Their skill in manufacturing high quality ceramic refractory shapes is well known in our industry. Culturally we are very aligned,” said Paul Jamieson, president and CEO of Allied. “With this acquisition, we add a highly skilled workforce and plenty of room to grow and expand at ICP’s current location in Marysville. We will continue producing products under the ICP name for the foreseeable future.”
John Odenthal President ICP
“We recently celebrated ICP’s 89th year of quality manufacturing. We are proud of what we and our employees have accomplished over the years,” said John Odenthal, president of ICP. “As the marketplace continues to be more competitive, we realized we needed to align with a strong company to ensure we could continue to serve our customers and provide security for our employees. With this sale, we know our customers and employees will benefit, and that is especially important to us.”
ICP’s production facility in Marysville, OH, joins Allied’s existing U.S. manufacturing operations in Columbus, OH; Brownsville, TX; and Pell City, AL. Allied Mineral Products, LLC is a global manufacturer of monolithic refractories and precast, pre-fired refractory shapes. Headquartered in Columbus, OH, Allied serves a wide variety of industries with refractory solutions.
Press release is available in its original form here.
Alloy R&D has resulted in a material that combines the affordability of 310 stainless steel with the high temperature properties of more expensive higher nickel alloys, like alloy 600. Be it for your muffle belt conveyor or heat treating trays, this Technical Tuesday installment by Hugh Thompson, applications engineer of Rolled Alloys, will explore the strengths of this alloy variety to determine its best application.
This informative piece was first released inHeat Treat Today’sJuly 2025 Super Brands print edition.
Increasing nickel prices initiated the development of RA 253 MA®, a versatile alloy used in various thermal applications for equipment construction. With low chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) levels, this alloy provides a cost-effective alternative to other pricier nickel-based materials. With microalloying control, it is priced alongside 310 stainless steel while offering high strength properties similar to the more costly 600-series alloys.
Chemically similar to 309 stainless steel, the alloy offers significantly higher creep resistance and rupture strength than 310. Its benefits include:
Oxidation resistance up to 2000°F (1090°C)
Significant hot tensile strength comparable to that of the 600-series alloys
Noteworthy creep and rupture properties
This lean austenitic stainless steel uses cerium and silicon to create a very adhesive oxide, resulting in excellent oxidation resistance. The combination of nitrogen and carbon provides creep-rupture strength double that of 310 and 309 stainless steel at 1600°F (870°C).
Chemistry
RA 253 MA has a specified chemistry, as indicated in Table A.
Table A. RA 253 MA chemistry
High Temperature Properties
Figure 1 shows the hot tensile strengths of different materials. RA 253 MA can be seen to have higher hot tensile properties than alloy 600, 310 stainless, and RA330® but lower than RA 602 CA®. It’s worth noting that while its hot tensile strength is reported up to 2200°F (1200°C), practical use is limited to 2000°F (1090°C) in oxidizing environments due to a loss of oxidation resistance at this temperature.
Figure 1. Hot tensile strengths
Figure 2 displays the allowable design stresses for pressure vessel plates according to Section II-D of the ASME 2023 (2024 revision) code. One can see that the allowable stresses for RA 253 MA are higher than those for 310 stainless and RA330 but not as high as alloy 601. ASME allows design stresses for this alloy up to 1650°F (900°C). However, RA 253 MA is utilized at higher temperatures for various applications because this temperature limit is only for pressure vessels.
Figure 2. Allowable design stresses
Figure 3 displays the actual 10,000-hour rupture strengths of different high temperature alloys. The data reveal that RA 253 MA exhibits high creep and rupture stress values comparable to alloy 601 and RA 602 CA, and it surpasses RA330; this would also surpass alloy 600.
Figure 3. 10,000-hour rupture strengths
In Figure 4, data are presented for the minimum creep rate of 0.0001% per hour. Creep refers to the rate at which metal stretches, and it is usually measured in percentage per hour. There is a phase where the creep rate remains relatively constant, known as the secondary creep rate. This rate is a key factor in designing for high temperatures. It’s important to consider that metal will creep even under light loads, as the effects of creep can be observed in material with no load other than its own weight. Therefore, in practical applications, a creep criterion is utilized for design purposes.
Figure 4. Minimum creep rate of 0.0001% per hour
The furnace industry has traditionally used a design criterion based on the stress required for a minimum creep rate of 1% in 10,000 hours or 0.0001% per hour. The design stress is typically set at a fraction of this value. For one of its criteria, ASME uses 100% of the extrapolated stress for 1% in 100,000 hours (or 0.00001% per hour). It is not recommended to extrapolate stress rupture and creep data to 100,000 hours above 1800°F (980°C). Th is comparison is provided for general guidance only.
Rupture strength is reported as a stress and number of hours. It is the stress required at a specific temperature to break a specimen within a given time. In the furnace industry, a standard criterion for setting design stresses is to use a fraction of the stress that would result in rupture at 10,000 hours. ASME uses the lower of 67% of the extrapolated 100,000 rupture stress or 100% of the extrapolated 1% in 100,000 hours minimum creep rate.
Strengths and Limitations
When compared to alloys like 309 and 310, RA 253 MA has demonstrated equal or superior oxidation resistance. At 2000°F (1090°C), it displays outstanding oxidation resistance, on par with the limit for 310 stainless steel and surpassing 309. It is important to note that although short furnace excursions up to 2100°F (1150°C) can be tolerated, consistent oxidizing temperatures above 2000°F (1090°C) can quickly degrade the material. Therefore, it is best to avoid excursions above the suggested temperature limits for any alloy.
This material has also proven to perform well in mildly carburizing environments, despite its lower alloy content. Even small amounts of oxygen in the gas, like carbon dioxide or steam, can create a thin and tough oxide layer on RA 253 MA, offering excellent protection against carbon and nitrogen pickup. However, it’s not recommended to use it in carburizing environments. Due to its lower nickel content, it is less resistant to carburization compared to higher nickel alloys such as RA330.
Table B. Ductility based on room-temperature tensile tests
In a simulation where coupons were exposed to fifteen weeks of simulated bake cycles between 1700°F–1950°F (930°C–1065°C) in “green mix” used for producing carbon electrodes, room-temperature tensile tests revealed the ductility as shown in Table B.
For RA 253 MA, the sigma phase formation process is much slower compared to 310S and 310, as shown in the TTT diagram in Figure 5 and the micrographs in Figure 6. At temperature, it is very unlikely material containing sigma phase will behave adversely. When the material is cooled to room temperature, it becomes very brittle, making it less resistant to thermal cycling. The material may crack if highly constrained and unable to expand freely during subsequent ramp-up.
Figure 5. TTT curve for sigma phase formationFigure 6. RA 253 MA grain structures with and without sigma phase
Corrosion Resistance in Salt Bath Applications
As shown in Table C, RA 253 MA may be comparable to alloy 600 when exposed to sodium and potassium salts for heat treating high speed steel.
Table C. Intergranular attack based on exposure to sodium and potassium salts
In this trial, plate samples were exposed to 210–252 cycles in preheat salts at 1300°F–1500°F (700°C–820°C), high heat salt at 2200°F (1200°C), and then quenched in 1100°F (590°C) salt. Table C shows that RA 253 MA has the potential to perform well in a salt bath environment due to its high silicon and chromium levels. While alloy selection is essential, regular maintenance and cleaning of the salt bath and surrounding areas are the most crucial factors.
In salt bath heat treating, the service life of the pot is primarily determined by maintenance not the alloy. Pots must be desludged regularly, and all old, spilled salt must be removed from the furnace refractory when changing pots
Corrosion Resistance
Table D. Sulfidation attack after exposure to an atmosphere
containing 13.6% SO2 at 1850°F (1010°C) for 1,860 hours
This alloy performs well, even in hot environments with sulfur in the presence of oxygen. However, it is not resistant to environments with reducing sulfur. Even in the presence of oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen can be very low while stainless steel is in use. This low pressure can lead to a local sulfidation attack, even in what is considered an oxidizing atmosphere.
Table D displays the depth of intergranular oxidation and sulfidation in test samples exposed to an atmosphere containing 13.6% SO2 at 1850°F (1010°C) for 1,860 hours.
Microstructure
Table E. Charpy v-notch impact results as annealed and after
exposure (ft-lb)
The microstructure of RA 253 MA in the annealed and long-term exposure states is shown in Figure 6. In addition, Table E provides the Charpy impact values for the annealed state and at temperatures of 1292°F, 1472°F, and 1652°F (700°C, 800°C, and 900°C) over a long period of exposure.
Based on the microstructure and Charpy impact data, it is clear that sigma phase precipitation is almost non-existent at 1650°F. Moreover, the TTT diagram in Figure 5 indicates that RA 253 MA requires significantly more time to initiate sigma precipitation compared to 310 and 310S stainless steel.
Applications for Use
Given the above capabilities, RA 253 MA can be and has been successfully utilized in a variety of applications. From bell annealing furnace covers, muffle belt conveyors, car exhaust manifolds and exhaust gas flexible tubes to hot air ducts, cooling tower tubes in sulfite process pulp mills, and heat treatment trays for neutral hardening, its abilities can cover a widescope of applications throughout in-house heat treat operations.
References
Andersson, T. and T. Odelstam. “Sandvik 253MA (UNS S30815) — The Problem Solver for High Temperature Applications.” A Sandvik Publication, October 1984.
Kelly, J. Rolled Alloys. Rolled Alloys Bulletin 100. Revised September 2001.
Manwell, C. Rolled Alloys. Rolled Alloys Internal Report, Summary of Cyclic Oxidation Testing at 2000°F, August 2005.
Proprietary Report on the MA Heat Resistant Material Series.
Saum, W. Rolled Alloys. Rolled Alloys Internal Report, Summary of Oxidation Testing at 2000°F, August 2002.
About The Author:
Hugh Thompson Applications Engineer Rolled Alloys
Hugh Thompson is a metallurgical engineer at Rolled Alloys, leveraging his expertise from The University of Toledo College of Engineering to drive innovation in specialty alloy solutions. Based in Toledo, he combines deep technical knowledge with industry leadership.
