Chiz Bros., which provides solutions for refractory and high temperature applications in the metals industries, recently completed the acquisition of Advanced Material Science, a thermal and electrical insulation material distributor and a long-term vendor of the company.
Mark Rhoa, Jr. Vice President of Sales Chiz Bros
In addition to distributing insulation material out of its southwestern Pennsylvania location, Advanced Material Science focuses on custom CNC machining. Chiz Bros. plans to invest in improvements to machinery, inventory, and safety practices relating to its refractory applications which also serve the power, glass, and ceramics industries.
“The acquisition of Advanced Material Science will help us expand our offerings in regard to induction insulation and utilize their quick turnaround and precise machine services,” said Mark Rhoa, Jr., vice president of Chiz Bros. “We are excited to welcome them into the Chiz Bros. family. We pride ourselves on supplying high quality materials and AMS certainly fits that mold.”
“Advanced Material Science has always enjoyed working with Chiz Bros. as a customer, and now we can take a step further and work together as one company,” said John Pertinaci, who has been plant manager of AMS for more than seven years and will remain in that role. “I look forward to this new relationship and the mutual benefits it will bring to the industry.”
The faster the refractory installation, maintenance or repair, the more efficient and, by extension, profitable it is to the company, as savings fall to the bottom line. In this Technical Tuesday installment, Roger Smith, director of technical services at Plibrico Company, LLC, examines the challenges of insulation systems, taking a closer look at ultra-lightweight refractory gunite as a fast, flexible solution to controlling heat.
This informative piece was first released inHeat Treat Today’sFebruary 2025 Air/Atmosphere Furnace Systems print edition.
Manufacturers that rely on industrial grade furnaces, boilers and incinerators to produce their quality products are always looking for ways to improve. It is how they stay relevant and, more importantly, profitable. But you don’t get better just by desiring it. You need to identify better ways to get things done and introduce risk-neutral change to current operational processes. By some estimates, inefficient processes can reduce a company’s profitability by as much as one third.
Given refractories’ importance in safeguarding an operation’s multimillion-dollar thermal-processing equipment, and to avoid unscheduled downtime, it is smart business to have a sustainable maintenance and repair process in place. When a refractory situation does arise, the more proficient the process solution the better.
Controlling the Heat
Click the image above to read Roger Smith’s column on extending the life of refractory linings.
Furnace design is largely about controlling heat to maximize energy efficiency. An energy source — whether that is gas, coal, wood or electricity — is used to heat the furnace, and the furnace lining is designed to keep that heat inside the furnace. There are other factors to be considered, such as the environment inside the furnace, whether there is any abrasion or chemical interactions, or whether the furnace maintains a steady state temperature or undergoes temperature cycles. Regardless of what considerations have to be made for the hot-face lining, an insulation package must be used to reduce fuel consumption and control the cold-face temperature.
There are a large variety of insulation packages and materials that can be used in furnace design. Insulation comes in the form of board, fiber, brick and castables. Each type of insulation comes with its own sets of considerations, such as insulation value, installation method and cost. When considering the insulation package for the vertical wall of a furnace, support must also be considered because the insulation is expected to stay where it is placed and not slump over time. There also must be a means of connecting the hot-face working lining to the furnace structure to provide support. This is accomplished with an anchoring system that connects to the furnace shell and penetrates some distance into the dense hot-face working lining.
Anchoring Systems Challenge Insulation Installations
Anchors are considered to be the bones of a refractory installation and have several functions. They hold the refractory to the wall to keep it from falling in. They also prevent wall buckling due to the internal thermal stresses created by high temperatures. And, to a lesser degree, anchors can also help support the load of the refractory weight.
The anchoring system, however, can present big challenges when installing or maintaining the insulation. In most furnace applications, anchors are first welded directly to the furnace shell. Next, the insulation package is installed and finally the working lining. With anchors sticking off the furnace shell, installing insulation can become a challenge.
Fiber insulation in the form of blanket can be pressed into the gaps between the anchors, but it is important that the insulation remains in place during the life of the furnace. Industrial furnaces tend to vibrate, either from use of combustion or exhaust blowers or other process equipment. This constant vibration can cause fiber insulation to slump and lead to hot spots in the furnace wall due to the lack of insulation.
Figure 1. Anchoring systems are installed before refractory insulation and can pose challenges.
Insulation board is rigid enough to support itself on its end and can be found in a variety of densities and thicknesses to obtain the required insulation value. However, insulation board typically comes in sheets that will have to be cut to fit around the anchors. This can result in a significant amount of manpower and a significant amount of time in a furnace installation. The downtime of an industrial furnace can be costly, which often results in tens of thousands of dollars per hour in lost profits. For this reason, companies try to minimize the time spent rebuilding a furnace. Fewer man hours on a rebuild also tends to reduce the overall cost of the project.
Ultra-lightweight refractory gunites offer a means of installing a large amount of insulation in a relatively short period of time. A gunite is a monolithic refractory castable that is pumped dry through a hose under pressure and is mixed with water at the nozzle. Once the wet castable impacts the surface, it stiffens quickly to avoid slumping and hardens as it dries. This means that the gunite could be installed over the anchors with minimal time. The installer only needs to wrap the end anchors with masking tape to keep them clean for the working lining.
Figure 2. Cold-face and heat storage/loss graph for a production furnace
Distinct Differences in Refractory Gunites
Ultra-lightweight castables are a sub-set of the lightweight castables category but with a very important difference: density. For example, the average lightweight castable with a maximum service limit of 2400°F typically has a density of about 80–90 pcf (pounds per cubic foot). By comparison, ultra-lightweight castables with a maximum service limit of 2400°F will have a density of about 25–30 pcf.
This important distinction comes into play when looking at insulation thickness and calculating cold-face temperature. At the stated densities in a furnace operating at 2000°F, it would take nearly three times more lightweight castable than an ultra lightweight castable to achieve the same cold-face temperature — making many ultra-lightweight castables perfect for insulation and most lightweight castable refractories impractical to use as part of the total insulation package.
Ultra-lightweight castables that achieve final densities of 25–30 pcf while offering service temperatures above 2400°F are available through various refractory manufacturers. One such product, Plicast Airlite 25 C/G (aka Liquid Board) from the Plibrico Company, is designed to be installed via casting or gunite using conventional gunite equipment. With low thermal conductivity and thermal-shock resistance, this material is durable and quick to install. It also has advantages over insulation board, which has a labor intensive installation process of cutting around all the welded anchors, and fiber insulation, which can experience frequent hot spots due to slumping insulation. With an ultra-lightweight, Liquid Board-type of castable, it is possible to attain required insulation values and extended lining life with the installation speed of a refractory gunite.
Working With, Not Against, the Anchoring System
Let’s consider a real-life production furnace operating at 2000°F with a simple 9-inch refractory lining consisting of six inches of dense refractory and three inches of insulation. For comparison, we will assume an ambient air temperature of 81°F and eliminate any effects of exterior wind velocity. The dense refractory working lining for these examples is Pligun Fast Track 50, a 50% alumina, 3000°F-rated refractory gunite.
As seen in Figure 2:
Using three inches of ceramic fiber blanket at a density of 6 pcf, a cold face temperature of 252°F can be achieved.
Using three inches of insulation board at a density of 26 pcf, a cold face temperature of 247°F can be achieved.
Using three inches of an ultra lightweight gunite such as Plicast Airlite 25 C/G with a maximum service temperature of 2500°F and assumed density of 25 pcf, a cold-face temperature of 262°F is expected.
The calculated difference in cold-face temperature between insulation board and the ultra-lightweight gunite is 15°F, but the difference in installation time savings could be multiple shifts.
Figure 3. Ultra-lightweight gunite is quickly applied over anchors with standard equipment.
The cost of downtime can be incredibly high for any manufacturer, especially since downtime can result in a series of costs and losses (both tangible and intangible), including production, labor, replacement costs, product losses and, if unexpected, reputation damage. Industry resources estimate downtime can cost thermal processing companies between $250,000 and $1 million per hour. When multiplied over several shifts, this could mean millions of dollars in downtime costs. Not to mention that labor is a major contributor to the overall cost of a refractory project. The quicker the refractory installation, the less downtime and the more profitable the company.
For example, in an approximately 750-square-foot round duct application (cylinder) with anchors already installed, on average, installation of four inches of the different insulation types can be estimated at:
Fiber Insulation — 137 total labor hours, or ~5.5 square feet/hour
Insulation board — 288 total labor hours, or ~2.6 square feet/hour
Ultra-light gunite/Liquid Board — 80 total labor hours, or ~9.4 square feet/hour
The quick and easy installation of the ultra-light gunite/Liquid Board represents an average estimated financial savings in downtime of between $35 million and $130 million — savings that drops directly to a company’s bottom line. The time compression of installing gunite also holds an added advantage for the insulation installer because labor hours can come with a premium price tag and can sometimes be in short supply. All of this makes the ultra-lightweight gunite solutions an excellent choice to minimize downtime and rebuild costs while meeting the furnace design criteria.
Conclusion
Manufacturers that rely on industrial-grade furnaces, boilers and incinerators to produce their quality products are constantly looking for ways to reduce costs, increase profits and improve efficiencies by looking at and introducing risk-neutral change to current processes. Maintaining efficiency and avoiding unscheduled shutdowns of heat processing equipment requires maintenance. Selecting quality materials and risk neutral installation processes that minimizes maintenance completion times can help companies become more efficient.
About the Author:
Roger M. Smith Director of Technical Services Plibrico Company, LLC
Roger M. Smith, a seasoned professional in the refractory industry, is the director of technical services at Plibrico Company, LLC. With a master’s degree in Ceramic Engineering from the University of Missouri — Rolla, Roger has over 15 years of experience in the processing, development and quality assurance of both traditional and advanced ceramics. He has a proven track record in developing innovative ceramic formulations, scaling up processes for commercial production, and optimizing manufacturing operations.
Dan Szynal, VP of Engineering & Technical Services, Plibrico
Installing new refractory materials is a necessary furnace maintenance practice which needs to be done periodically. But extended downtime and installation errors can be a major financial and operational headache. In this article, Dan Szynal, VP of Engineering & Technical Services, Plibrico, gives 12 factors which will ensure that the refractory installation is successful.
At 700°F, steam can exert 3,000 psi pressure.
During an initial dry-out, the powerful effects of superheated steam can cause explosive, devastating consequences to freshly cured refractory material. To that end, removing moisture from castable and precast shapes is a serious pursuit. The production pressures to minimize downtime can lead to shortcuts and rushed dry-out procedures. Usually, these sidesteps have the opposite effect, quickly compounding delays and costs by causing thermal damage to the linings and potentially incurring personal injury.
Dry-outs fail due to imprecise management of water extraction from refractories. At the boiling point of water, the pressure of steam is less than 1 psi. However, at 700°F, saturated steam reaches 3,000 psi, and possesses enough energy to disintegrate the most resilient refractories. Too much heat, rapid ramp-ups, vapor lock, poor curing, and surplus water can contribute to potentially hazardous situations.
Here are the 12 preventive factors to manage for dry-out safety and success:
1. Hot spots and flame impingement. Ensure that your burner flame is centered accurately. The direction of flame in the vessel must promote equal heating of all the refractory surfaces. A flame that impinges on a single area of the surface will quickly create a hot spot, forcing an unequal expansion of water vapor in that area and resulting in thermal spalling.
Thermocouples need to be monitored at both hot and cold areas to measure temperature consistency.
2. Temperature spikes. Insulation is ill-advised. Attempting to cover green castable with an insulating blanket can lead to destructive temperature spiking when the blanket is removed, breaks, or falls off. At a wall surface temperature of only 550°F, the removal of insulation exposes the surface to an extreme temperature shift which will activate unequal steam expansion and pressure.
3. Thermocouple placement and monitoring. Pay attention to the locations and readings of your TCs. Watching only the coldest location will allow the hottest area of your vessel to heat too quickly in the dry-out schedule. Conversely, monitoring only the hottest area will allow the colder area to retain more water than specified. This will lead to failure later in the schedule or during hold periods. At 700°F, steam can exert 3,000 psi pressure.
4. Air temperature vs. surface temperature. Thermocouples should report surface temperature. Air temperatures are typically 50°F to 100°F hotter, thus misreporting schedule impact. The initial hold period is typically designed to melt burn-out fibers. That creates important permeability. If the actual load temperature is lower than specified, permeability is not created, leading to failure in the next ramp-up period.
Pre-cast refractory requires longer bake-out schedules to release all water vapor.
5. Field vs. precast dry-out schedule. A field dry-out schedule is specified for single-sided heating. It precipitates a dual water migration, first (stage 1) towards the heat as the path of least resistance, but then reversing course (stage 2) and moving away from the heat, escaping towards the furnace shell. Field dry-outs are faster schedules than precast, where the pieces are heated from all sides simultaneously. The precast water migrates to the center of the piece, and that takes longer to escape. By misapplying the faster field dry-out to precast, there is a greater risk of water retention, which will ultimately lead to spalling, even at temperatures of 550°F or less.
6. Venting and air circulation. Proper venting is required to rid the furnace of water vapor during dry-out. Without vents and free air circulation, the steam is forced to exit via the furnace shell, which takes longer than the schedule would provide. Water will be retained closer to the shell side, increasing the likelihood for disintegration as temperature and steam pressure rise.
7. Surface coating. An impermeable coating on the refractory surface will prevent the stage 1 escape of water. Slowly, this water will be forced to move to its second exit, the furnace shell. This delay prepares the still-saturated refractory for failure at the next heat ramp-up.
8. Clear obstruction from weep holes. As stage 2 water migration occurs, it will escape to the furnace shell. There should be adequate weep hole capacity, cleared of obstructions which will allow the water to exit the furnace shell. These provide a release valve for buildup of steam pressure. Thermocouples need to be monitored at both hot and cold areas to measure temperature consistency. Pre-cast refractory requires longer bake-out schedules to release all water vapor.
9. Cold weather curing. In the curing process, simple hydrates form needle-like morphology. These structures promote permeability, and water/steam can more easily migrate through the refractory to escape. Curing in below-freezing temperatures alters the hydrates to be less permeable, thus trapping the water, even during dry-out and creating an inherent risk. As well, cold weather curing slows the required strengthening process, leading to a weaker refractory and likely spall. We have had a thermal operator tell us about a below-freezing cure that went badly: The water in the castable actually froze in place. When the dry-out was initiated, the castable melted and fell to the floor, where it subsequently cured and dried.
10. Cutting short cure time. Recommended dry-out schedules always assume a 24-hour equivalent curing time at moderate temperatures. By cutting short the cure time, water is retained, and strength is reduced. For example, a conventional castable requires 24 hours cure time; high cement/low moisture castable needs at least 16 hours. Adherence to product cure time specifications ensures optimum strength and a successful dry-out.
11. Free water removal without consideration. The goal of curing and dry-out is to create permeability in the refractory at lower temperatures (300°F) to enable water to escape. By quickly ramping up dry-out temperatures for the sake of time, permeability is diminished. At higher temperatures, (+500°F) steam pressure rises aggressively. Again, refractory composition drives curing and dry-out schedules, and as a rule, the faster temperatures rise beyond specification, the higher the risk of failure.
Pre-cast shapes spall at 550°F.
12. Refractory strength as a function of water content. A simple 1% excess of water will reduce refractory strength by as much as 20%. Overwatering by 1.5% cuts strength 25% to 40%. The implications are profound: the refractory will not withstand the steam pressures in dry-out, and worse yet, there is more water that must be extracted. A successful dry-out can be jeopardized by the slightest variance in water composition.
Conclusion
Meticulous care in refractory installation is the foundation to successful furnace operation. While no one looks forward to non-productive downtime, close adherence to product specifications, cure times, and dry-out schedules will ensure a more profitable return to operations. Managing the water issues in refractory composition is job one.
