A Pennsylvania company recently heat treated and quenched a fabricated 47,000-pound gear. In addition to this gear, about a month ago, its reverse image (with the helix in the opposite direction) was also heat treated. The halves will be matched when grinding is complete to make a complete gear to drive a rolling mill for a steel plant.
Mark Podob President Metlab Source: LinkedIn
The gear, the largest Metlab has ever treated, measured 12' in diameter and has a 30” face width. Material was 18CrNiMo6-7, and case depth required was a nominal 0.275” effective case depth with a surface hardness of HRC 58 – 62. Typical taper on a gear this size is about 0.030”. Carburizing time to achieve the required case depth is about 10 days in the furnace at 17250F. After lowering the temperature of the furnace and gear to 15500F, it is quenched in oil. The transfer time from the pit furnace into the quench tank is less than a minute.
After quench, the gear will be double tempered, sandblasted and prepared for shipment to the Midwest for final grinding. Mark Podob, president at Metlab, commented, "To our knowledge, the furnace used to heat treat this series of four gears is the largest pit carburizing furnace in the United States . . . . [T]he two 47,000 pound gears are the largest that Metlab has carburized and hardened in its 25 year history."
Photographs show the gear at 1550°F being lowered into the oil tank.
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On site at heat treat operations, gas-fired furnaces can be a significant source of carbon emissions. But depending on the desired heat treatment, an alternative approach that combines induction through heating and intensive quenching could be the “green ticket.” Learn about the ITH + IQ technique and discover how certain steels may benefit from this approach.
This Technical Tuesday article was composed by Edward Rylicki, Vice President Technology, and Chris Pedder, Technical Manager Heat Treat Products and Services, at Ajax TOCCO Magnethermic Corp., and Michael Aronov, CEO, IQ Technologies, Inc.It appears in Heat Treat Today's May 2023 Sustainable Heat Treat Technologiesprint edition.
Introduction
Chris Pedder, Technical Manager Heat Treat Products and Services, Ajax TOCCO Magnethermic Corp. Source: Ajax TOCCO Magnethermic Corp.
Induction heating is a green, environmentally friendly technology providing energy savings and much greater heating rates compared to other furnace heating methods. Other advantages of induction heating include improved automation and control, reduced floor space, and cleaner working conditions. Induction heating is widely used in the forging industry for heating billets prior to plastic deformation. Induction heating is also used for different heat treatment operations such as surface and through hardening, tempering, stress relieving, normalizing, and annealing. However, the amount of steel products subjected to induction heating in the heat treating industry is much less compared to that processed in gas-fired furnaces.
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Gas-fired heat treating equipment is a major source of carbon emissions in the industry. As shown in Reference 1, induction through heating (ITH) followed by intensive quenching (IQ) (an “ITH + IQ” technique) eliminates, in many cases, the need for a gas-fired furnace when conducting through hardening and carburizing processes — the two most widely used heat treating operations for certain steel parts. Eliminating gas-fired furnaces will result in significant reduction of carbon emissions at on-site heat treat operations.
Dr. Michael Aronov, CEO, IQ Technologies, Inc. Source: Ajax TOCCO Magnethermic Corp.
The goal of this article is twofold: 1) to evaluate carbon emissions generated during through hardening of steel parts and carburizing processes when conducted in gas-fired furnaces, and 2) to discuss how these emissions can be reduced to zero using the ITH + IQ process.
Evaluation of Carbon Emissions for Through Hardening and Carburizing Processes
Ed Rylicki, Vice President Technology, Ajax TOCCO Detroit Development & Support Center Source: Ajax TOCCO Magnethermic Corp.
Most through hardening and carburizing operations for steel parts are conducted in batch and continuous integral quench gas-fired furnaces. Assumptions made for evaluating CO2 emissions produced by a typical integral quench furnace are presented in Table 1. Note: The values of carbon emissions presented Table 1 are conservative since they don’t consider the amount of CO2 produced by furnace flame screens and endothermic gas generators used to provide a controlled carburizing atmosphere in the furnace. Also, it’s assumed that the furnace walls are already heated through when loading the parts, so there are no heat losses associated with the thermal energy accumulated by the furnace walls.
Table 1. Assumptions for calculating of carbon emissions by integral quench furnace Source: Ajax TOCCO Magnethermic Corp.
Emissions Generated During the Through Hardening Process
A furnace time/temperature diagram for the through hardening process considered is presented in Figure 1. Carbon emissions Ehard produced by the furnace considered during heating of the load to the austenitizing temperature prior to quenching are calculated by using the following equation,
(Equation 1) Ehard = k • Qhard
where:
■ k = the emission coefficient (equal to 0.050 • 10-3 kg per 1 kJ of released energy when burning natural gas (see Reference 2) ■ Qhard = thermal energy required for heating up the above load from ambient to the austenitizing temperature
A value of Qhard is calculated by the equation below,
■ M = load weight, kg ■ C = steel specific heat capacity (kJ/kg°C) ■ Ta = part austenitizing temperature (°C) ■ To = part initial temperature (°C) ■ Eff = furnace thermal efficiency (a ratio of the furnace thermal losses to the gross heat input)
From equations (1) and (2), the amount of carbon emissions produced by the above furnace during one hardening operation is 40.2 kg. To determine an annual amount of carbon emissions, calculate the number of hardening cycles per year (Nhard) run in the furnace. From Figure 1, a duration of one hardening cycle is 4 hours (3 hours for austenitizing of the parts plus 1 hour for quenching the parts in oil and unloading/loading the furnace). Thus, Nhard is equal to:
Nhard = 360 day • 24 hour • 0.85 / 4 hour = 1826
Figure 1 Source: Ajax TOCCO Magnethermic Corp.
Annual CO2 emissions from one integral quench batch gas-fired furnace are 40.2 • 1836 = 73,807 kg, or more than 73 t
Emissions Generated During Carburizing Process
A simplified furnace time/temperature diagram for the carburizing process considered is presented in Figure 2. Carbon emissions (Ecarb) produced by the above furnace during the carburizing process are calculated by the following equation,
(Equation 3)
Ecarb = k • Qcarb
where:
■ Qcarb = a thermal energy expended by the furnace during the carburizing process. A value of Qcarb amounts to two components:
(Equation 4)
Qcarb = Qcarb1 + Qcarb2
Qcarb in the following equation is:
■ Qcarb1 = energy required for heating up the load to the carburizing temperature
■ Qcarb2 = energy needed for maintaining the furnace temperature during the remaining duration of the carburization process (for compensation of the furnace thermal losses since the parts are already heated up to the carburizing temperature)
A value of Qcarb1 is calculated using equation (2) where the part carburizing temperature Tc is used instead of part austenitizing temperature Ta (see Table 1):
A value of Qcarb2 is a sum of the flue gas losses and losses of the thermal energy through the furnace walls by heat conduction. Qcarb2 is evaluated from the following considerations. Since the assumed furnace thermal efficiency is 65%, the furnace heat losses are equal to 35% of the gross heat input to the furnace. Hence, the furnace heat losses Qloss1 during the load heat up period (the first 3 hours of the carburizing cycle, see Figure 2) are the following:
Thus, the total amount of the thermal energy expended by the furnace during the carburizing cycle is Qcarb = 0.887 • 106 + 0.827 • 106 = 1.71 • 106 kJ. The total amount of the CO2 emissions from carburizing of the load in the furnace considered according to equation (3) is: Ecarb = 0.050 • 10-3 • 1.71 • 106 = 85.7 kg. To determine an annual amount of carbon emissions from one carburizing furnace, calculate the number of carburizing cycles run in the furnace per year. Per Figure 2, a duration of one carburizing cycle is 12 hour (1 hour for the furnace recovery plus 10 hour for carburizing of parts at 927°C plus 1 hour for quenching parts in oil and for unloading and loading the furnace). Thus, the number of carburizing cycles per year Ncarb is:
Ncarb = 360 day • 24 hr • 0.85 / 12 hr = 612
Figure 2 Source: Ajax TOCCO Magnethermic Corp.
Annual CO2 emissions from one integral quench batch carburizing furnace is about 85.7 • 612 = 52,448 kg, or more than 52 t.
Reducing Carbon Emissions Using the ITH + IQ Process
Reference 1 presents results of two case studies of the ITH + IQ process on automotive input shafts and drive pinions. The study was conducted with a major U.S. automotive part supplier. A two-step heat treating process was used for the input shafts, consisting of batch quenching parts in oil or polymer using an integral quench gas-fired furnace for core hardening followed by induction hardening. This two-step method of heat treatment is widely used in the industry for many steel products. It provides parts with a hard case and tough, ductile core.
Substituting the “ITH + IQ” method for the two-step heat treating process not only eliminates the batch hardening process, but also requires less alloy steel for the shafts that don’t require annealing after forging. Thus, in this case, applying the ITH + IQ technique eliminates two furnace heating processes for the input shafts, resulting in the reduction of the CO2 emissions to zero for the shafts’ heat treatment. Per client evaluation, as mentioned in Reference 1, the hardness profile in the intensively quenched input shafts was similar to that of the standard shafts. Residual surface compressive stresses in the intensively quenched shafts were greater in most cases compared to that of the standard input shafts, resulting in a longer part fatigue life of up to 300%.
Per Reference 1, the environmentally unfriendly carburizing process can be fully eliminated in most cases for automotive pinions when applying the ITH + IQ method and using limited hardenability (LH) steels that have a very low amount of alloy elements. A case study conducted for drive pinions with one of the major U.S. automotive parts suppliers demonstrates the intensively quenched drive pinions met all client’s metallurgical specifications and passed both the ultimate strength test and the fatigue test. It was shown that the part’s fatigue resistance improved by about 150% compared to that of standard carburized and quenched in oil drive pinions. In addition, distortion of the intensively quenched drive pinions is so low that no part straitening operations were required.
Conclusion
Coupling Ajax TOCCO’s induction through heating method with the intensive quenching process creates a significant reduction of CO2 emissions produced during heat treatment operations for steel parts. For the through hardening process, eliminating just one batch integral quench gas-fi red furnace will reduce carbon emissions by more than 73 ton per year. For the carburizing process, eliminating just one batch carburizing furnace will reduce carbon emissions by more than 52 ton per year. Note that for continuous gas-fired furnaces, the carbon emission reduction will be much greater due to higher continuous furnaces production rates (hence a much higher fuel consumption).
Per our experience, the ITH + IQ process can be applied to at least 20% of the currently through-hardened and carburized steel parts. Per two major heat treating furnace manufacturers in the U.S., there are thousands of atmosphere integral quench batch and continuous furnaces in operation in the U.S. That means hundreds of gas-fired heat treating furnaces can be potentially eliminated, drastically reducing carbon emissions in the U.S., supporting a lean and green economy.
Ed Rylicki has been in the induction heating industry for over 50 years. He is currently Vice President Technology at Ajax TOCCO Detroit Development & Support Center in Madison Heights, Michigan.
Mr. Chris Pedder has over 34 years of experience at Ajax Tocco Magnethermic involving the development of induction processes in the heat treating industry from tooling concept and process development to production implementation.
Dr. Michael Aronov has over 50 years’ experience in design and development of heating and cooling equipment and processes for heat treating applications. He is CEO of IQ Technologies, Inc. and a consultant to the parent company Ajax TOCCO Magnethermic.
Maciej Korecki Vice President of Business of the Vacuum Furnace Segment SECO/WARWICK
An industrial automation manufacturer has ordered a heat treatment system to establish a captive hardening plant within their machine park. The line of two vacuum furnaces, an atmosphere furnace, and a washer will harden and carburize parts, specifically gears, pinions, and shafts.
SECO/WARWICK, a manufacturer with North American locations, will produce the furnaces to harden and vacuum carburize the elements used in motor reducer production. These parts figure in the automation applications production process for industries such as automotive, aviation, food and printing.
“In these times of constant problems with maintaining the supply chain, having captive heat treatment within a machine park provides our partners with a huge competitive advantage and independence," says Maciej Korecki, vice president of the Vacuum Furnaces Segmentat SECO/WARWICK Group. "Within a relatively small area, we can create a heat treatment system that will meet the Partner’s needs."
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Peter Zawistowski Managing Director SECO/VACUUM TECHNOLOGIES, USA Source: secowarwick.com
An electric vehicle manufacturer will move the heat treatment of their prototype gears in-house with a vacuum furnace. The company expects new product development to accelerate.
SECO/VACUUM, a SECO/WARWICK Group company, will deliver a CaseMaster Evolution (CMe) model with a working hot zone of 16”x16”x24” and a load capacity of 440 lb. The EV maker’s R&D lab will use furnace to low-pressure carburize and oil quench prototype gears. With this expansion, the manufacturer hopes to mitigate scheduling delays encountered when sending their prototype gears out to local commercial heat treatment shops.
“We have a strong partnership together," said Peter Zawistowski, managing director of SECO/VACUUM, "having commissioned a number of highly successful heat treat furnaces that provide a wide variety of processes in their plants across the world."
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Carburizing. It must happen sometimes, and if your heat treat division truly understands the impact of the atmosphere, more power to them. In this article by Jim Oakes of Super Systems, you will learn how seeing simulated data with real-time data can help you predict the amount of carbon available to the steel surface.
An excerpt:
“It is important to understand the model and specific variations caused by temperature, furnaces, agitation, fixturing, and part composition. Variations include alloying effects on the diffusion modeling based on certain alloy components, such as chromium and nickel.”
With the popularity of dry pumps in furnace operations, vacuum furnace operators need to "have a handle" on how to operate them.
In this best of the web feature, the author explains the principles of operation, screw pump design, and various other screw pump characteristics. Learn about the 5 phases of dry pump operation and more in this succinct article.
An excerpt:
"Dry pumps represent a technology that is of interest to many heat treaters as they strive to increase performance and minimize cost and downtime. The advantages of these pumps are comparable to their oil sealed rotary vane cousins, and in certain applications, offer distinct advantages."
Gallos Metal Solutions Inc., Milwaukee, WI (GALLOS) recently received a high capacity mesh belt heat treatment furnace line. The company specializes in continuous mesh belt atmosphere heat treatment, and this new line will be used primarily for demanding processing including carbonitriding and carburizing, while still allowing for neutral heat treatment with a production capacity up to 4000 lbs/hr.
This furnace line is part of GALLOS’ massive plant expansion and modernization project, which has more than doubled the existing plant square footage, increased capacity, and added automation. The benefits of the system -- including increased usable hearth area for high-volume processing while running products requiring carbon diffusion and lighter belt loading -- are aligned to the expansion-oriented plant plans.
Custom Engineered Continuous Atmosphere Heat Treating System (photo source: Can-Eng.com)
The supplier, Can-Eng Furnaces International, Ltd. (CAN-ENG), lists some the additional features of this furnace: a computerized controlled automated bin dumping and vibratory part feeder system, dunk and spray pre-washer, protective atmosphere controlled mesh belt hardening system, oil quench, dunk and spray post wash system, forced recirculation temper furnace, in-line post cooling system, and CAN-ENG’s PETTM Level 2 SCADA system.
GALLOS is a family-owned commercial heat treating company which is involved in the automotive, agricultural, aerospace, and medical industries.
Automotive part designs and heat treating processes have undergone many changes over the years, especially the powertrain. By looking back at the progress of these changes, we can learn more about emerging trends in automotive heat treating today.
In this Heat Treat Today Technical Tuesday feature,Bill Disler, president and CEO of AFC-Holcroft, brings his familiarity with big atmosphere carburizing systems and LPC automotive cell carburizing systems and looks at how the evolution of equipment and process requests says a lot about the trends we see today in automotive heat treating.
Although many components undergo heat treatment processes, the powertrain—specifically, gears— typically requires more carburizing time than other automotive parts. Not surprisingly, the powertrain has also seen many changes in heat treatment trends.
Not only have powertrain designs gone through tremendous transformations but so has the equipment being used to process those evolved components. Having spent years on the supplier side of atmosphere furnaces, vacuum carburizing, and gas quench as well as induction systems, I find it interesting to look back at some of the drivers that have helped morph this industry’s heat treat needs.
Traditional Continuous Atmosphere Furnace
Large atmosphere pusher furnaces produced nearly all of the powertrain gears 20+ years ago. Today, cellular low-pressure carburizing (LPC) and gas quench systems carry the load, although the results have not been cost saving. Moving from high volume gas heated carburizing equipment to small batch carburizing in electrically heated furnaces did not reduce utility costs per part; instead, other areas adjusted to compensate. Eliminating the expense of hard grinding transmission gears was an acceptable rationale for this increase in both capital expense and operating costs. Eventually, streamlining the overall gear manufacturing process, combined with locating heat treat within machining lines, produced positive measurable results. Plant traffic decreased, minimizing safety risks. Cooler and cleaner furnace systems were designed. And installations were made easier. Many agreed the changes were justified.
Integrated Vacuum Heat Treat Cells
As we look back, many of these drivers for change proved valid. Others, not so much. In most cases, consumer preference for quiet powertrains necessitates hard grinding of gears. Green is in and talk of the absolute need for zero intergranular oxidation (IGO) in carburized gears has slowed. LPC/Gas post quenched parts are perceived as cleaner and leaner; however, it is often difficult to differentiate green parts from processed parts, so it has become a best practice to add part marking after carburizing and hardening to avoid even the remote risk of sending soft parts down the line to the next stage of manufacturing. Shot peening is still common for strength reasons. The ability to nest large cellular LPC systems within machining has been a success, but rarely are the installations as quick and easy as promised.
Hybrid Furnace Concepts
Conventional atmosphere furnace technology has advanced as well, although at a slower pace, in step with a renewed interest in energy efficiency, particularly in the U.S. where gas is cheap and electric is not. Combustion systems operate cleaner and at much higher efficiency than in the past. Having said that, it is curious how little interest end users have in trading cost-saving gas-heated systems for the easier to install, neater looking electric heating options. In addition, it is no longer common to use water for cooling conventional atmosphere furnace systems as end users do not want to deal with the cost and complications that accompany this option. The market is polarized over this. LPC systems rely on large water volumes for cooling, and they are small batch, electrically heated systems. At the same time, gas quench systems consume huge quantities of water and require giant 300 HP plus motors that are tough to manage in plant power systems.
Flexible and Re-deployable Heat Treat Systems
It is my observation that the automotive market is anticipating the next iteration of heat treat equipment. One type of process or equipment style will not fit all needs, yet all hope for the perfect single part flow solution—an elusive dream due to physics. The cost/time equation still does not balance, and carburizing offers the benefits many manufacturers are looking for, despite the desire to design the process out of practice. Many automotive transmission parts that were originally processed in LPC and gas quenched now use gas nitriding instead, even though gas nitriding is another long process, and nitriding introduces ammonia back into the process—something most automotive plants are not enthusiastic to have in their plants. Two steps forward and one step back.
Repackaging Continuous Furnace Systems
With the widening range of processes and solutions under exploration, as well as ever changing powertrain systems designed to accommodate supplemental electric motors, lighter weights, smaller cars, and larger SUVs, all we can be certain of is ongoing change. I believe that we have witnessed major adjustments in automotive heat treat processing as the pendulum has swung from big, multi-row atmosphere pushers with salt or oil quench to electric-heated cellular LPC and gas quench units. One surprising result has been the resurgence of salt quenching, which controls distortion of high-pressure gas at a much lower cost with less complexity. Salt, like gas, is a single-phase quench media: It does not boil in these processes like oil does, and it can be used at temperatures that support martensitic quench with far less thermal shock and much higher heat transfer than the options. Older processes carry the baggage of tarnished past reputations, but I no longer count them out. Today’s automation, process control technology, and innovation can provide the foundation for brand new concepts, repackaging of older ideas, and hybrids of multiple technologies. Together, these create building blocks that heat treat equipment suppliers will use to meet changing trends in automotive carburizing and heat treatment. It will be interesting to be involved in the journey as these changes take place.
About the Author: Bill Disler is president and CEO of AFC-Holcroft, part of the Aichelin Group located in Vienna, Austria. He is a member of the Board of Trustees -Metal Treating Institute (MTI), and a member of the Board of Advisors at Lawrence Technical University, College of Engineering in Southfield, Michigan. This article originally appeared in Heat Treat Today’sJune 2019 Automotive print edition.
Extensive wear or fatigue from friction and contact stress cause many engineering components made of ferrous or titanium alloys to fail. In this Best of the Web
Edward Rolinski,”Dr Glow”, Advanced Heat Treat
Technical Tuesday feature, Edward Rolinski, aka Dr. Glow, from Advanced Heat Treat Corp., compares “wear resistance between engineering components that were carburized vs nitrided,” originally published in his article, “Tribological Performance-Enhancing Surface Treatments for Improving Durability of Engineering Components” at AHT’s website.
An excerpt:
“The results of the tribological studies strongly suggest that for many engineering components, the application of nitriding may be more beneficial than carburizing since the nitrided layer had better wear properties than the carburized layer despite the fact that the layer was about four times as thick.”
Rolinski defines the uses, advantages, and tribological behavior of nitrided and carburized steel and provides illustrations of samples subjected to both treatments.
Main image photo credit/caption: Advanced Heat Treat Corp / Advanced Heat Treat’s Cullman, Alabama, location ion nitroding vessel, which the company says is one of the largest in the United States—”big enough for two small cars to fit inside.”
Dr. Steve Offley (“Dr. O”), Product Marketing Manager PhoenixTM
This is the final installment in a 4-part series by Dr. Steve Offley (“Dr. O”) on the technical challenges of monitoring low-pressure carburizing (LPC) furnaces. The previous articles explained the LPC process and explored general monitoring needs and challenges (part 1), the use of data loggers in thru-process temperature monitoring (part 2), and the thermal design challenge (part 3). In this segment, Dr. O discusses AMS2750E and CQI-9 Temperature Uniformity Surveys. You can find Part 1 here,Part 2 here, and Part 3 here.
A significant challenge for many heat treaters is the need to provide products certified to either AMS27150 (aerospace) or CQI-9 (automotive). To achieve this accreditation, furnace Temperature Uniformity Surveys (TUS) must be performed at regular intervals to prove that the furnace set-point temperatures are both accurate and stable over the working volume of the furnace. Historically, the furnace survey has been performed with great difficulty trailing thermocouples into the heat zone. Although it’s possible in a batch process when considering a semi-batch or continuous process, this is a significant technical challenge with considerable compromises as summarized below.
Trailing Thermocouple TUS Process Steps
Figure 1. Typical TUS thermocouple. Positions — 9 point survey. Furnace void corners and center
TUS is often carried out using long or ‘trailing’ thermocouples that exit through the furnace door.
Furnace often needs to be cooled, then de-gassed so TUS frame can be set up in the furnace.
Thermocouples are then led out through the furnace door and connected to a data logger or chart recorder.
The furnace is then heated to surveying temperatures.
The survey is then carried out, after which furnace is cooled, and thermocouples are removed.
Disadvantages of Traditional TUS Process
Lots of furnace downtime may be involved (can be up to 24 hours).
Thermocouples have to exit the furnace door.
This may involve “wedging” the door up, or “grooving” out the hearth to get thermocouples out.
Or thermocouples may get caught in the furnace door.
A significant amount of the technician’s time is taken up preparing report.
Applying the “Thru-Process” approach to TUS, the measurement system is transferred into the furnace with the survey frame allowing the setup process to be done quickly, safely, and repeatable. (See Figure 2)
Figure 2. PhoenixTM System loaded into a furnace as part of a TUS frame. Thermocouples pre-fitted to the 8 vertices of the cube frame and center. Furnace ambient temperature recorded either with a virgin exposed junction thermocouple (typical MI) or with heat sink damper fitted.
Operating the system with RF telemetry, TUS data is transferred directly from the furnace back to the monitoring PC where at each survey level temperature stabilization and temperature overshoot can be monitored live with TC and logger correction factors applied. The Thermal View Software is developed to ensure that the final TUS report complies fully to the AMS2750E/CQI-9 standards.
Figure 3. PhoenixTM Thermal View Survey Software showing a TUS profile at three set survey temperatures. The probe map shows exactly where each probe is located and easy trace identification. Detailed TUS report generated with efficiency.
Features incorporated into the Thermal View Software to provide full TUS capability include the following:
TUS Level Library – Set-up TUS level templates for quick efficient survey level specification (Survey Temp °F, Tolerance °F, Stabilization, and Survey Times)
TUS Frames Library – Show clearly exact TUS frame construction and probe location using Frame Library Templates – Frame Center and 8 Vertices.
Logger Correction File – Create a logger correction file to compensate TUS readings automatically from the logger’s internal calibration file.
Thermocouple Correction File – Create the thermocouple correction file and use to compensate TUS readings directly.
TUS Result Table & Graph View – For each TUS temperature level, see from the graph or TUS table instantaneously full survey results.
Furnace Class Reporting – Report the specified furnace class at each temperature level.
Overview
The PhoenixTM Temperature Profiling System provides a versatile solution for both performing product temperature profiling and furnace TUS in industrial heat treatment. It is designed specifically for the technical challenges of low-pressure carburizing (LPC) whether implementing either high-pressure gas quench or oil quench methodology, providing the means to Understand, Control, Optimize and Certify the LPC Furnace and guarantee product quality and process operation efficiency and certification.
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On site at heat treat operations, gas-fired furnaces can be a significant source of carbon emissions. But depending on the desired heat treatment, an alternative approach that combines induction through heating and intensive quenching could be the “green ticket.” Learn about the ITH + IQ technique and discover how certain steels may benefit from this approach.
